Brand Philosophy of a Radio Channel

Brand philosophy †It's Hot† the promo for the channel has become everyday lingo of the  youth. â€Å"Its Hot! †¦ Most Popular Radio Channel amongst Youth at the 2nd Global Youth Marketing Forum, the tag line â€Å" its Hot! † conveys that the brand is young, exciting. Radio Mirchi is also very adaptive as it customizes itself based on the city it is in. Radio Mirchi Chennai is typically in Tamil and its slogan ‘What a Fun! ’ has bowled its fans over. Radio Mirchi Mumbai is dominated by Marathi. Thus, the language, culture and region are carefully kept in mind by everyone from the RJs to the producers.Radio Mirchi is truly an innovative radio station. It caters to the needs of all sections of society in spite of its ‘young’ feel. For example, ‘Chatpati Baatein’ is a show for women, specifically housewives, bored out of their wits after a long day of work. Similarly, ‘On the Move’ is for executives and the m overs and shakers of the corporate world. Music, chat shows and interviews are enjoyed by the youth and are relayed throughout the day at regular intervals. It keeps customer informed. Willingness to help customer through different programs. They are having gender base segmentation, age group base, etc.In the early morning they are targeting to the old persons because they likes bhajans & kirtans. In the early morning they stared this programme at 5 am to 7 am. They are providing gift vouchers, gifts couple tickets, etc. So consumer or the listeners are attract and listen the radio mirchi. They are using Clustered Preferences. Radio Mirchi targeted to the college students and teenagers so they are playing hot & new songs. They are also targeting the mature person & they like to listen songs. Radio Mirchi are playing this kind of old songs in the night in the show Purani Jeans.For many different occasions Mirchi came up with unique game or any kind of attractive show. For eg. New Yea r’s, Diwali, R. D. Burman’s birthday etc. customers are highly attracted to all these innovative shows and participated. It uses the tagline â€Å"Sakat hotmaga, Mirchi SunneWale Always Khush, It's hot. Radio Mirchi promotes its radio station in different cities in their local language. The punch line of Radio Mirchi (Mirchi sunnewale always khush) focuses on its customer and the quality of music provided by them. They try to come up with new innovative ideas thereby making their radio the most preferred station with largest listenership.There latest innovation is in the style of radio jockeys. Generally, radio jockeys speak non-stop quite fast entertaining the masses. Their way of telling jokes attracts people. It delivers the best combination of innovative content and interesting initiatives. Their programs: SHOW TIME which target TARGET AUDIENCE, Female oriented Khoobsurat , Quizzes related to Total Filmy bollywood, Sunset Samosa , Play old music Purani Jeans, Ask solution for Dr. Love relationship problems . -Naina Sharma Roll no. -935

Greek Heroes Comparison with Modern Movies Essay

Greek mythology talks about different stories of heroes and villains in ancient times. I believe most of the stories are about war and tragedy. To name some are Ajax and the Trojan war. However, learning these different stories is very fascinating and intriguing. Each of the characters had his own goal to achieve whether or not with the help of someone (i. e. god or goddess). Below are five Greek heroes in ancient literature that showed their own ideals, talents and personality in the works of Homer, Hesiod and Sophocles. Homer’s â€Å"Iliad†: 1. Achilles. The greatest Greek warrior of the Trojan War. He was in love with Briseis whom Agamemnon commanded him to replace the enslaved Chryseis (Wikipedia, 2009). 2. Hector. He was a Trojan prince and a spearman whom Achilles has killed to avenge his friend Patroclus’s death. He was the greatest fighter of Troy (Wikipedia, 2009). Hesiod’s â€Å"Theogony†: 3. Prometheus. He was a Titan god [of fire] and his name literally means â€Å"forethought†. It is said that he was ambivalent and a lowly challenger of Zeus. (Answers, 2009). 4. Eros. He was the Greek god of love, lust, beauty and intercourse, and son of Aphrodite. He is represented by a naked child carrying bow and arrow. He sprang from the primordial Chaos together with Gaea (the Earth), and Tartarus (the underworld). He fell in love with Psyche and lived with her in his home but later on, their brittle peace was ruined by her jealous sisters. (Answers, 2009). Sophocles’s â€Å"Ajax†: 5. Odysseus. He was a great warrior, a rival of Ajax who was favored by the goddess Athena. He took pity on the delusional Ajax. He was the one who convinced the king to have Ajax buried despite of their past conflicts (Nathanbauman, 2009). Developing a character in a modern movie The five aforementioned Greek heroes built a composite picture of ancient heroic model in the modern movie character like Jason Bourne in The Bourne Identity [and its sequels The Bourne Supremacy and The Bourne Ultimatum] by Robert Ludlum, which is based on his novel of the same title. The movie portrays a spy who lost his memory and who is in constant run (Liman, 2002). The Jason Bourne character is strong, loving, life-preserving, a fighter and a challenger. He is being chased by the members of his previous team to eliminate him. This is to preserve the secret that the team has done in the past – the assassination attempt on the dictator Nyakwana Wombosi. Other spies and hitmen were also sent to go after him but they were all eliminated instead by him (Liman, 2002). Strong and fighter. Like Achilles, Hector and Odysseus, Jason Bourne is strong and a very good fighter. He has the instinct of self-preservation even though he lost his memory. He used advanced hand-to-hand combat (see Figure 1) and sometimes with the use of weapons, whichever is close at hand and available . It can be seen in the movie that he knocked the two police officers unconscious, who attempted to arrest him in the park for sleeping and without ID. Other scenes were when he Your Surname Here and page number was in the bank and the U. S. Consolate. He was then chased by the police and authorities, respectively. At the time that he was on the run, that was when he met Marie. He offered her money to drive for him and away from his pursuers (Liman, 2002). Loving. Like Eros and Psyche, they fell in love with each other (see Figure 1). And yet, to be able to protect Marie from all the danger he is facing, he separated himself from her; he sent her away even though they were already attached to each other. She originally did not want to leave him but he insisted (Liman, 2002). Challenger. Just like Prometheus, Jason Bourne is considered a lowly challenger to the CIA. He is alone but he accepted the challenge of risking his life just to find out his true identity and his past. Even though he did not know what the real deal was, he did not let himself lose to those men who wanted him dead. Figure 1. The Bourne Identity. A photo of Jason Bourne running, fighting with a hitman and kissing Marie (Liman, 2002). Works Cited Answers. com. Eros. July 2009. Answers. com. Prometheus. July 2009. Liman, Doug. The Bourne Identity. Perf. Matt Damon. Universal Studios, 2002. Nathanbauman. com. Odysseus. January 2009. Wikipedia. com. Achilles. July 2009.

Legal Issues in Hydraulic Fracturing Research Paper

Legal Issues in Hydraulic Fracturing - Research Paper Example This paper discusses the legal and environmental issues associated with the process and the regulations that have been put in place to ensure that the process is undertaken carefully and responsibility to counter the negative effects. Keywords: Hydraulic Fracturing, Environmental Issues, Legal Issues, Fracking, Consequences, Regulations, Laws Introduction Drillers of hydraulic fracturing have always maintained that the process is well managed as it is tightly controlled and take place far below the ground water levels but despite their assurance, there are many critics advocating for the process to be banned. As the shale revolution has gained fame, it has really triggered a lot of protesters from the Grand Rapids to Paris, as all of them call for a global frack down. For example, in the United States of America, critics worry that in embracing shale energy, there are health and environmental consequences, for example, there will be no clean air or clean water (Prud'homme, 2013). Def inition of Hydraulic Fracturing Hydraulic fracturing is also known as fracking. It is a process that is used to suck oil and gas from dense shale formations. The process involves drilling, use of explosions, toxic chemicals, and millions of gallons of water pumped in at very high pressure. It allows the extraction of natural gas from shale in places that were once unreachable with conventional technologies (Prud'homme, 2013). In t6he United States, hydraulic fracturing is gaining recognition and companies involved with the process continue to identify sites to work on. Although it is argued that the process is conducted responsibly, a lot of dangerous occurrences have been reported raising questions of how safe the process is really. For example, there have been reports of blown out gas wells, polluted water sources, air and soil and affected human and animal health. Once a fracking procedure is conducted, it cannot be undone; for example, once a shale formation has fractured, it ca nnot be returned to its original state. This makes thorough research very crucial before any steps involved in hydraulic fracking proceed. This is especially important in highly populated regions (Prud'homme, 2013). Legal Issues that surrounds Hydraulic Fracturing Due to the process of hydraulic fracturing being used in some of the states in America, there have been legal issues that have been raised so as to ensure its effectiveness. The American court of appeals has had a debate on whether to regulate hydraulic fracturing for some time, as the SDWA has requested. The Clean Water Act requires cleanliness of all water to be maintained. Hydraulic fracturing is a water-intensive process. This is because when a well is fractured hydraulically, the fluid injected returns to the surface as flow back, which is contaminated with sand, chemical residues, and some amount of naturally occurring radioactive materials. This is usually against the CWA (Clean Water Act) section 301, which prohibi ts the discharge of any pollutant into navigable water. In America, anyone seeking to release or discharge flow back and any water which is not natural is usually required to apply for a permit under the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System, as it is authorized by the CWA section 402 (Vann, Murrill &Tiemann, 2013). As hydraulic fractur

Reflective Journal Designing Formats and Including Visuals Essay

Reflective Journal Designing Formats and Including Visuals - Essay Example The upgrading of visual formats keeps the viewers engaged in it all the time. Facebook has mastered the use of the three means of appeal and persuasion, namely, ethos, pathos and logos. Ethos which is to make the user feel likeable is done through the use of the like button under each and every post and status. Pathos is to persuade by appealing the emotions of the reader, which are again used by Facebook as people have their own ethnic, religious and emotional pages which they like based on their own interests; this engages them on their emotional level as well. Logos is said to persuade the logical side of people, which is again a trait of Facebook as people make logical statements which are then liked by people and shared (Fife, 2010). Visuals are very important to use in college papers as they are able to communicate the exact frame of mind of the students to the teachers. Using visuals professionally can help in giving out power point presentations and reports in order to explain with accuracy (Keenan and Shiri,

Explanation of the remarkable popularity of broad casting in the US Essay

Explanation of the remarkable popularity of broad casting in the US and Canada after 1922 - Essay Example By the time that the end of 1922 had come to pass, there were 570 radio stations licensed to operate within the United States (Lenthall, 2007). The birth of broadcast advertising and a way to profit had created an industry that spread rapidly throughout the nation. Advertising was not the first way in which radio was commercialized. Companies like Westinghouse set up broadcasting centers in order to promote the sales of radio equipment to the average consumer. The company was creating demand for radios by creating broadcasting that would appeal to people across demographics (Turow, 2010). One of the amateur broadcasters that were working for Westinghouse began to sell part of the air time to companies so they could use the medium to make money. This began the idea of broadcasting advertising and Westinghouse thought this was a good way to create a new stream of revenue (Lenthall, 2007). As with most inventions, they only have social value if there is a good way to commercialize an in dustry with them. People were given free access to broadcasting as long as they had the right equipment, which the cost of the equipment was the first cost. The second cost was time. Time was given in listening to commercials in exchange with the free entertainment provided during the rest of the minutes spent listening. The costs associated with listening through advertising is referred to as â€Å"the opportunity cost of listening† by Turrow (2010, p. 129). The opportunity is given to businesses to capture the listener’s attention in order to give them the chance to pitch their product. By the 1930s, 30% of the stations were owned by CBS and NBC with 90% of the power that radio gave them placed under their control. The era of the major networks was growing quickly and the culture that had been ignited that would soon be addicted to media was learning how to manage their access to the world through broadcast radio. Broadcast radio created the idea of serialized public entertainment that was accessible without having to read it. Even with the depression era raging in devastating waves of destruction, people were buying radios and ownership of the radio rose from 40% of the population to 80% by 1940 (Lenthall, 2007). The need to know outweighed almost all other aspects of society, just as it does now. The media was gaining its power through showing the world what it meant to have immediate access to information. The iPad was launched just about the same time that the economic downturn was in full swing in the last decade. It was launched to outrageous success. The need for new technologies and ways to communicate seems to outweigh all other aspects of life and provides a solid revenue stream when it is new no matter what the economic status of the nation. Resources Grant, A. E. & Meadows, J. H. (2012). Communications technologies, update and fundamentals. Abingdon: CRC Press. Lenthall, B. (2007). Radio’s America: The great depression and ri se of modern mass culture. Chicago, IL: University of Illinois Chicago Press. Turow, J. (2010). Media today, third edition, 2010 update: An introduction to mass communications. Abingdon: Routledge. 2. what are the relative advantage of national networks in comparison to local stations, and vice versa? Which

Mock Interview of a Prospective Staff Member by Employer Essay

Mock Interview of a Prospective Staff Member by Employer - Essay Example The four main elements of interview practice applicable to all disciplines including nursing, include the acquiring of â€Å"background information of the candidate, interview analysis, protocol creation and revision, and self-reflective interviewing†, states Dilley (2000, p.131). The Appropriate Lines of Questioning to be Employed in Mock Interviews Fulton, Lyon, and Goudreau (2010) state that the best technique should be selected for a given situation, and practice is key to achieving higher levels of efficiency and performance outcomes. Thus, interview process strategies include the 80/20 Rule, Sequence Themes, Behavior-based Interviewing, Closed-ended, Open-ended, and Multilayered questions (Fulton et al., 2010). The 80/20 Rule is based on the concept of 20% of an interview to be devoted to asking questions, and 80% in listening to the interviewee’s answers, to find out to what extent the candidate was suitable for the position. Commenting on every answer is unnecessary, while â€Å"the interviewer controls the pace and emphasis areas of the interview† (Fulton et al., 2010, p.307).... The Themes that will be explored by the interviewer should be considered and practised during the mock interview. The preferable sequence for the themes has to be determined before the questions for each theme are decided on. For example, an interviewer may wish to question the candidate on goal orientation before finding out about their analytic ability. It may be ideal for an interviewee to sequence items about nursing staff project readiness, before answering questions on multidisciplinary commitment. In the technique of Behavior-based Interviewing, the interviewer’s approach bases the interview questions on behaviors rather than on beliefs. However, because â€Å"past behavior is often the best predictor of future actions, emphasis on behavior-oriented questions is important† (Fulton et al., 2010, p.307). Other appropriate lines of questioning by the interviewer include the use of closed-ended questions which Yale (2006) suggests should be used only to pose question s about a commitment, or to seek clarification about any factual matters. The open-ended questions compel the interviewee to give more details on their approach or their experience regarding a particular situation. The multilayered approach may not be successful, because it is possible that because of the various issues within the same question, the interviewer may receive an incomplete answer (Fulton et al., 2010). Interview Questions to Avoid in Mock Interviews Mock interviews should not include questions based on the candidates’ race, age, gender, nationality, marital status, religious beliefs, disability, or sexual orientation. These issues are best

International studiesGrowth Development of Nations Essay

International studiesGrowth Development of Nations - Essay Example It has also helped in transfer of technical know how, transfer of knowledge, export and import of goods and services, etc. But, as rightly stated by Rosenberg, globalization, which was meant to signify unity and integrity has no way proved to be successful instead resulted in cold war between countries for their share in the global market. Further, it is mentioned by Ellwood that gaps between rich and poor are widening and decision making power is concentrated in the hands of few developed and powerful nations (11). Rightly so, Rosenberg mentions in the article "Free Trade Fix" wherein the right to make decisions lie in the hands of IMF which is controlled by the United States and other European countries. The scenario of Puebla State in Mexico where the farmers cultivating corn have become the victims of globalization due to cheap corn being imported from US as part of free trade agreement between the two nations. The globalization has resulted in great opportunities like transfer of skills, employment, transfer of goods and services, etc. but it has all happened in pursuit of cheap labor in poor countries.

Sports Logistics & Event Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Sports Logistics & Event Planning - Essay Example It is always important and also necessary to send guardians to take care of the students and the best way of the sending few people to accompany the students is to bring along the teachers and other officials related to the school. In this way, there could be a great interaction with players as teachers could help out the students while interacting with players. Another thing is that safety of the whole group is ensured when there is someone accompanying them. Now that we are considering the trip, we also need to look at a financial aspect of the whole thing. Since we have mentioned that this trip is intended for the students of the school, one way of generating a part of funds is the use of the school donation money or the school deposits reserve. This way school can be a part of the whole affair and the trip would seem as an official visit to the school to the club and in way garner more respect and hence the hospitality levels of the whole trip attain new levels. Funds generated i n such a manner would also illustrate the levels of interaction with the education and sports bodies of the country. Another part of the funds can be generated by using a small amount of fee which is to be collected by the school authorities from the students who are taking part in the whole trip. Thus the concept of social responsibility of the individual towards the society also comes into picture wherein it is the responsibility of the students who are visiting the club to donate to the club for the development of the club in any manner. In this way funds of the trip can be generated to for the successful trip of the club. Now that we have discussed the methods and areas from where we can generate the funds, we need to look at the cost issue of whole trip so as to get an in depth idea about it. The following rates of the tours give us an idea about the cost of the trip. It is decided by the authorities of the club that along with tour of the club and related academies, visitors a lso are allowed to visit

Strategic Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Strategic Management - Research Paper Example The eight main areas of distinction i.e. business cards, meetings, relationships, communications, gifts and meals, friendship, time consciousness, and business dress code. The main aim here is to gain some awareness and understanding of differences in culture across countries. Based on the table below, it can be concluded that each culture is very different and it is important to understand the basic etiquettes of each culture to avoid embarrassment or also offending the people. Indians pay a lot of importance to the business cards. It is important to read the business card before keeping it in. Also, it is important to give as well as receive the card in the right hand. Left hand is considered to be offensive for most. Japanese give a lot of importance to the business cards and the more visiting cards a person has during the trip the better it is. The business cards need to be specially printed on a double side. The card should be presented with the Japanese version facing upwards. While presenting the business cards to Japanese counter parts, it is essential to not that throwing, sliding, flicking, pushing or lobbing is not acceptable. French pay attention to business cards but are not very particular. Translating the business card to French is often appreciated and considered to be attention to detail. Academic qualifications are a must on the business cards. The business cards of the French tend to be a little larger than the other countries. Proper handshake is a must and in a lot of cases tends to give away the firm handshake, and should be standing while handshake. Americans are very particular of being ‘Politically correct’ at all times. Meetings in India are relatively simple. A major point to be remembered is to keep a respectable distance between men and women. Also, it is not well received by a majority

Marketing Myopia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Marketing Myopia - Essay Example This article and its subject matter are very pertinent to the field of marketing because it helps define a path that should be taken by marketers if they intend to avoid very common and just as destructive mistakes. The management of a company may make several errors that are discussed in the paper. Sometimes the company’s scope is incorrectly defined and this creates a restriction for this company which hinders future growth. Furthermore, sometimes the unique selling proposition of the company’s product may become obsolete and since management does not renew nor revive the proposition the customers lose interest in and soon forget about the product. Baseless assumptions and complacency are also two mistakes hinted at by Levitt in his essay. A huge problem may arise if management focuses on supply side policies and overlooks demand side policies and conditions; if a strong and lasting bond with the consumer is not created, it is very likely that the brand/product will n ot be successful. Another failure on the part of the company’s management is when/if they become so singularly focused on the future that they fail to acknowledge the circumstances they face in the present which essentially leaves them nowhere; with no proper strategy to deal with current issues the company will not be left capable to deal with the future issues it was focusing in. In a nutshell, management’s main strategy should be one with a visionary approach and one which simultaneously focuses on the company’s customers as the most important asset of the company. This is the only asset which will function as the company’s life jacket during an economic or financial crisis. A second most critical approach is how the business’s scope is defined; if too restricted and narrow it will hinder and may even halt growth and progress. As a result of a thorough critical analysis of Levitt’s work, some strengths and weaknesses of his work come to light. Levitt’s article has garnered

Go Ahead in Recession Essay Example for Free

Go Ahead in Recession Essay Recession The transport group behind nearly a third of UK rail journeys suffered a profits fall as the double-dip recession hit demand for one of its key commuter lines. Go-Ahead said operating profits at its rail arm fell 17 per cent to  £40 million in the year to June 30, with its Southern franchise, which connects Brighton and much of Sussex with London, seeing revenues at the end of the period 2 per cent weaker than it forecast when it bid for the franchise in 2009. The Newcastle-based firm, which also runs Southeastern and London Midland, said group pre-tax profits fell 3.4 per cent to £94.2 million. Pressure groups: Environmental impacts Another main issue for transport is the control of environmental impact. Go-Ahead takes its responsibility to this very seriously. Because more people already travel by car, this has had a poor impact on our surroundings. Public transport must therefore provide a viable and convenient alternative. Go-Ahead has produced environmental and social responsibility reports on all its operations. The Group came top of the public transport companies that took part in the Business in the Community Corporate Responsibility Index. 66% of public transport journeys are made by bus. Go-Ahead prides itself on operating fleets of buses that are well ahead of European environmental standards. They use ultra-low sulphur diesel as well as particulate traps, which cut exhaust emission levels and improve air quality in cities. http://businesscasestudies.co.uk/go-ahead/meeting-needs-in-a-competitive-sector/planning-for-the-future.html#ixzz2EJCEuy2A Follow us: @Thetimes100 on Twitter | thetimes100casestudies on Facebook David Brown, Go-Ahead Group Chief Executive said: We are delighted to be supporting the Footprinting Gallery. Go-Ahead has worked with the Carbon Trust since 2008, when we became the first UK transport operator to receive Carbon Trust accreditation after taking action to cut our emissions. Reducing our carbon footprint is integral to our business strategy, and we continually seek ways to further reduce our footprint and use fuel more efficiently. We aim to achieve a 20 per cent per passenger journey reduction by 2015 – a target we are well on course to meet. The brands exhibiting recognise that everything we buy, produce and use has a carbon impact, and that helping customers to make more environmentally friendly choices when they shop is becoming increasingly important. Some brands such as Go-Ahead are also working to reduce the carbon footprint at an organisational level by implementing energy-saving measures such as intelligent lighting controls and staff engagement programmes. Govermment policy The government is also looking at ways of charging people who use roads, including motorways and roads in city centres. This is in order to reduce congestion and pollution. The integration of transport systems is a key issue for the government and transport companies. Read more: http://businesscasestudies.co.uk/go-ahead/meeting-needs-in-a-competitive-sector/planning-for-the-future.html#ixzz2EJC7sTFy http://www.coventrytelegraph.net/news/business-news/uk-coventry-business-news/2012/09/07/business-news-go-ahead-hit-by-recession-squeeze-92746-31786637/#ixzz2EJ3jJmKU Competetion Go-Ahead is looking at more ways of forming convenient public transport systems involving the mixing of bus, rail, aviation and car parking links to meet government policy and improve its service to passengers. Go-Aheads other operations already create some of these but car parking for example, is a vital part of integrated transport. Go-Ahead is responsible for 156 rail station car parks and a number of Park Ride sites. Additionally it purchased Meteor (the third-largest operator of off-street parking in the UK in 2002) which has around 60,000 car-parking spaces across 20 sites. The largest part of the business is airport parking. Services include: * managing car parks * car park security * transporting people to and from terminal buildings. Meteor operates under a number of brands, including Pink Elephant and e-parking. The business is growing to provide services at hospitals and shopping centres. Another part of Go-Ahead, aviance, provides a range of airport facilities. The business loads and unloads commercial cargo from freight flights and provides baggage handling and check-in services for passenger airlines. It also operates executive lounges and information desks, and manages aircraft slots and customs clearance. These services are offered at airports like Manchester, Birmingham and the main London airports. : http://businesscasestudies.co.uk/go-ahead/meeting-needs-in-a-competitive-sector/planning-for-the-future.html#ixzz2EJDQ3Fg7

Debt Predictions Using Data Mining Techniques

Debt Predictions Using Data Mining Techniques

Influence Of Transnational Actors On Foreign Policy

Influence Of Transnational Actors On Foreign Policy To make reference to this issue, is necessary know the relevance of different actors in the global field, because the conception of the state as the only actor, now is not valid for the apparition of new actors, which play a important roles. For that reason, it is necessary take in account those actors in the process of decision-making on a country. The focus of the article is in transnational actors, which can be divided into 2 classes. The first ones are the Non-Governmental Organizations, which place great importance to growth and can influence in so many aspects, because they can reach interconnect persons, governments, and International organization. ONG is any non-profit group of citizen volunteers, which is organized locally, nationally or internationally. With task-oriented and run by people with a common interest, NGOs perform a variety of services and humanitarian functions, bring citizens issues to governments, monitor policies and encourage community participation. They p rovide analysis and expertise, serve as early warning mechanisms and help in monitoring and implementing international agreements. NGOs are characterized by be pressure and influence groups in the international society and they are active in various fields because of the interests of protecting the environment, development, peacekeeping and human rights. While many countries receive with gratitude these services, the services provided by other NGOs are often seen as barriers or attacks on the sovereignty of certain countries. In fact, given that NGOs have no link with the policy of one country in particular, their independence sometimes allows them to go against the policies implemented by some countries. One of the main NGO problems is the lack of international regulation, because they must have recognize of the good management, the reached goals, and they need to be regulated too, because frequently governments and people are not satisfied with their acts. The second topic are the Transnational Corporations in contradistinction to Non-governmental Organizations, TNC are corporations created for profit. They are gigantic factories that want to reach all countries, places in the world with the purpose of spread the power. The power is reflected in the influence that they have in the governments of all countries, industrialized and developing. They bring foreign direct investment that has benefits to countries. But are focus directly in the realization of economic activities in several countries, as well as joint development and implementation of a unified strategy, and to achieve it, have the ability to create a sphere of protection and promotion of individual human rights. Also Transnational Corporations activities have been criticized because of the affected in environmental stress and social changes and their great impact on the politics decisions to government protects their interests. All those aspects are reinforced in the article The Power of Transnatio nal Corporations: The economic and political powers bring the deepening of the disparity of wealth, impoverishment working conditions, corruption and pollution, deterioration of health and safety in production processes, loss of employment for many workers in the world and the human rights violation   [1]  . When the role of transnational actors is studied, it is every time more evident the influence in International Relations, because of the interdependence between all units in the system. The Non- Governmental Organizations have imposed new standards and codes of conduct as ethics, seals and certification. It is noted the need by an affirmation of international law as they tend to weaken national labor codes, as well as trade unions. But the main reason for existence of an NGO is to promote education for development, development aid, that is, financial cooperation, the supply of equipment and technical assistance or support personnel, concerning about removing obstacles to soc io-political, economic and physical, that prevent the development of human potential, particularly the most disadvantaged sectors of Third World countries. The ONG need meet some characteristics like internal structure, to have their origin in an agreement between states, to be a democratic organization, their fines are not a profit-driven, they must pursuing international interests and must be constituted in accordance with the laws of the home state. The weight can be seen in important NGOs like Greenpeace, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨International Amnesi, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Human Rights Watch, CARE, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Mà ©decins Sans forntià ©res, Cruz Roja Internacional, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨WWF. Greenpeace for example is a is an independent global campaigning organization that acts to change attitudes and behaviors, to protect and conserve the environment and to promote peace  [2]  . These types of Organization exercise their influence through oppression to reach the goals in front to environment. In United States Greenpeace has recently led a campaign to end the marketing of overfished seafood populations in American supermarkets. As a result, Stop Shop and Giant Food are not selling Shark, Orange Roughy, and Chilean Sea Bass until the populations rebound  [3]  . Also had big challenges in case of Fisher Price in which the purpose was lead several types of phthalates from toys and child-care products. So With campaigns that help to spread information around the world, organization can play an important role in politics of governments that have influence in all countries because of the interdependence effects for commerce and shared politics. The organization gained attention by creating mind bombs, or strong, visual messages distilling their position on complex environmental issues  [4]  . Another example of influence is with the Mà ©decins Sans forntià ©res is concerned about Armed conflict. Social violence, healthcare exclusion and Natural disaster which have h ad goals like politics adopted in countries to fight against maternal health On April 27, 2010, the Sierra Leone government started implementing a policy of free healthcare for pregnant women, breastfeeding mothers, and children under five. MSF welcomes the governments commitment to the new policy and hopes that this will improve the access to healthcare for these vulnerable groups  [5]  . With those distinctions it can see the importance of NGOs because some who work around the protection, promotion and preservation of the environment with sustainable development through international cooperation and some that work in areas of immigration and refugees, disabled, sick, infants, and family, all of those institutions are focusing in a objective, the only one objective is work for the welfare of the community, so, NGOs have emerged as a response to needs which the State does not satisfy. Society organized civil search and complementary alternative solutions for the full development of these shortcomings. But some facts have made loss the credibility of the management of ONG because so many NGOs in some countries are making some corrupt practices, the funds acquired by international channels are often misused, and do not meet the targets set, decreasing the impact of these vulnerable society. UN Anti-corruption meeting develops worrisome trend: Algerian NGO blocked and a Gabonese activist faces difficulties: The Algerian government is blocking attendance of an Algerian NGO from an upcoming UN anti-corruption summit. This is a deeply worrying development, according to the UNCAC Coalition, a group of over 200 organizations seeking implementation of the UN Convention against Corruption (UNCAC)  [6]  . It is necessary remains have the integrity, authority and influence of NGO but that is only achieved through transparency and good deeds. Another central issue is the importance of Transnational Corporations which has a very broad field of action, The area of in fluence of transnational corporations is not limited solely to the economic sector, but are linked to each other political and social processes. These companies are directly related to border trade, foreign investment, technology exchange, but there is a fundamental feature to be recognized as a transnational corporation, is necessary for the company concerned has branches or Subsidiaries Outside of home country. According to a study conducted by the United Nations Centre on Transnational Corporations, it was established that: A transnational firm is defined as a company or group companies constituted by a parent company in accordance with law of a country which, from its headquarters abroad implants with its subsidiaries and direct investment (mergers, privatizations and acquisitions). With a global strategy designed to designed to remove any obstacle to the expansion and the free movement of powerful consortia and transnational monopolies  [7]  . These TNC have the capacity to exercise the effect to induce the increasing interdependence increasingly impossible for the countrys economic incoherence, its import and export processes because of its influence in places where they are established, since they are very large companies with high profits, bringing foreign direct investment the country, which brings benefits such as increased employment and capital also covers the financing requirements, stable cash flows that do not harm the economy by his stay in the country. Means more growth, more and more foreign exchange per capita income in the host country, and so does increase the chances of decrease in the poverty rate. On the other hand, opponents to the TNC have clear reason to discredit their activities, using the argument of the disadvantage in maintaining the emerging market to compete to such large corporations as they have no capacity, no facilities and enjoy the competitiveness that they have acquired Over the years and have no influence on these countries trade policies. With so much power, these corporations can exclude and exercise their potential economies in developing countries more than developed countries with which negotiations conducted in similar terms. In this context, TNCs are at the heart of the concerns of the world labor and environment. The reasons are mainly the following: At the height of inequity on the planet are the CTN. The growth of economic operations of TNC in the decade that contrasted with the growth of poverty. In 2001, CTN, with 54 million workers at its subsidiaries abroad, sales were $ 19 billion, greater than that of Global exports of which, in turn, was for them to a third party  [8]  . The biggest problem with government is its inability to monopolize and regulate all activities that a TNC can develop, as it can be said that they do not have an established global regulation issued by international standards or national norms constituted. The countries can be affected by the triangulation, regulatory arbitrage, the ease of transferring production from one country to another, because when companies take advantage of its spreading on the international market can perform operations that benefit them but harm to small businesses national. It can be conclude the transnational actors have an essential and central character in the system b ecause the globalization the market opens the communication and increasing interdependence, the unification of markets, societies and culture governments need make a transition in resources, influencing the government politics because of relations among other countries taking in account the shared problems, risks and rewards according to social, political and economic issues. All these aspects lead the government to design policies for better development and management of newly emerging phenomena in the field. Y so to counteract facts put at a disadvantage both the government in taxing domestic policy as in the care of the industry as a vulnerable sector. In social terms the design of policies is even more important, the need for government to fight the interests of society, minimizing poverty and improving quality of life of the inhabitants, which is threatened by some unregulated corporations that bring the benefits and reduce unemployment for nationals. On the other hand, there i s great influence of NGOs face the struggle for rights human, which arise, as a response to needs which the State does not satisfy. Civil society organizations are looking for alternative solutions and complementary to the full development of these shortcomings. No doubt that the function carried out with various projects to benefit promotes community development-oriented management. Pressures exerted by these organizations are governments reacting address problems identified, found and criticized by them. SOURCES Henderson, Conway W. International Relations, Conflict and Cooperation at the Turn Of the 21st Century. Willets, P, Transnational Actors and International Organizations in global politics. Tamayo Franco, Rafael, Relaciones internacionales en contexto Complilador (Pages 51-60) Reina, Mauricio,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Secretario Tà ©cnico de la Misià ³n de Polà ­tica Exterior e Investigador Asociado de Fedesarrollo, Portafolio, Newspaper. April 17 2010. Greenpeace, (www.greenpeace.org), April 2010. UNCTAD, (www.unctad.org) April 2010. Oficina de Asistencia Tà ©cnica Legislativa ,PROGRAMA DE FORTALECIMIENTO LEGISLATIVO, CONGRESO DE LA REPÚBLICA DE COLOMBIA United Nations, UNCTAD, Transnational Corporations, Volume 17, Number 3, December 2008. Zubizarreta, Juan Hernandez, Modificaciones normativas, Empresas transnacionales, desarrollo y soberania. Medecins sans frontiere, (http://www.msf.org/) April 2010.

Plagiarism Essay -- Education Cheating School Essays

Plagiarism For many, many years schools have been trying to stop students from plagiarizing materials. Detecting this plagiarism used to be easy because students only had access to books in the library, magazines, and encyclopedias. However, as the popularity of the Internet increased, so did the number of essays and papers being plagiarized. Students can easily go onto the internet and in no time at all find and essay on their topic of choice. For a certain fee they can buy the essay and have it delivered right to their doorstep, just in time to hand it into their teacher. Some essays you don’t even have to pay for. You can simply print them off of the computer. This rise in the internet information highway makes it harder for teachers to detect plagiarism, and easier for students to get a not well deserved A on their paper; if they don’t get caught. Bellow I will discuss what plagiarism is, ways teachers can prevent plagiarism, ways teachers can detect plagiarism and ho w students can avoid plagiarism. First of all, what exactly is plagiarism? The Webster Encyclopedic Dictionary of the English Language says it is, â€Å"to steal or purloin the thoughts or words of another in literary composition.† [1] When we were in elementary school if we had to do research on a certain topic, we would just copy information that was found word for word. We would hand this in and get a great mark. However, times have changed. We’re in College and it is totally unacceptable to copy materials from other people and say that they are yours. It is extremely important that if we do get information from a book, magazine, internet, etc., that it is given credit for that author(s). These are not your thoughts or words so you shouldn’t be... ...e more than happy to help their students. If students are sure and they don’t want to ask their teachers they can find loads of books on proper citation, what plagiarism is and isn’t and how to paraphrase things. In conclusion, people today may not think that plagiarism is that big of a deal. Those people do not understand the consequences of their actions. They could get a failing mark in a class they have worked hard in, or even worse they could be expelled from the college or university. Why would anyone want to take the chances of being expelled? Nobody wants this, which is why it is so important to have knowledge about plagiarism. By discussing what plagiarism is, ways teachers can prevent plagiarism, ways teachers can detect plagiarism and how students can avoid plagiarism I hope people have a better understanding of what plagiarism is.

The Requirements for Developing and Managing a Comprehensive Management

The Requirements for Developing and Managing a Comprehensive Management Information System The aim of this assignment is to see the requirements for developing and managing a comprehensive Management Information system for an organisation. In today's business environment it is getting harder and harder for organisation’s to not only survive but to compete against other organisation’s. Information technology plays a big part in helping companies compete and survive. Companies that have branches or franchises need to make sure that they can communicate with the head office so that orders can be passed down. Most of a mangers time is spent 1 Passing information and ideas upwards to senior management to aid their decision making 2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Providing other department managers with information which will help them do their jobs more effectively 3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Passing information down wards to subordinates 4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Conveying attitudes or creating them 5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Receiving and interpreting facts and data 6  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Communicating with people out sides the company e.g. suppliers. The manager needs resources to aid him with the task mentioned above. Management information systems and decision support systems are two such resources. Computers and information systems play critical roles in the operation of most organisations. All organisations, from factories to banks, are highly dependent on information for their day-to-day operations. The vast quantity of information that large corporations and government agencies need to operate, and the speed with which that information is created and used, makes computer-based information systems critical to such operations. What is a Management Information System? There are different definitions of a management information system: â€Å"Management Information system products produce information products that support many of the day-to-day decisions –making needs of management. Reports, displays, and responses produced by such systems provide information that managers have specified in advance as adequately meeting their information needs.† Taken from Management Information Systems Third edition by James A. O’Brien PG 370 â€Å"Management information system can be defined as a network of computer based processing procedures that are integrated with manual and other procedures to provide timely, effective information to support managerial planning ... ...and System Usage", INFOR, Vol. 28 No. 2, May 1990, pp. 89-101 Burrell, G. and G. Morgan, "Sociological Paradigms and Organizational Analysis", Heinemann Press, London, Chismar, William G. and Charles H. Kriebel, "A Method for Assessing the Economic Gallagher, Charles A., "Perceptions of the Value of a Management Information System", Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 17 No. 1, 1974 Hirschheim, Rudy and Heinz K. Klein, "Four Paradigms of Information System Development", King, William R. and Jaime I. Rodriguez, "Evaluating Management Information Systems", MIS Quarterly, September Lee, Allen S., "A Scientific Methodology for MIS Case Studies", MIS Quarterly, March Lucas, Henry C., "Performance and the Use of an Information System", Management Science, Vol. 21 No. 4, April 1975, pp. 908-918 Melone, Nancy Paule, "A Theoretical Assessment of the User Satisfaction Construct in Information Systems Research", Srinavasan, A., "Alternative Measures of System Effectiveness: Associations and Implications", MIS Quarterly, September Weill, Peter, and Margrethe H. Olson, "Managing Investment in Information Technology: Mini Case Examples and Implications", MIS Quarterly, March

Hamlet Betrayed :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

Hamlet Betrayed Many things contribute to the fact that Hamlet gets himself in trouble. It is not Hamlet’s poor attitude that gets him in trouble, but the way he over analyzes every situation and event. The first thing is when the ghost of Hamlet’s father tells him about his uncle’s betrayal towards him. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern spy on him, which makes Hamlet examine their every move. Polonius sets up deceiving and devious plans toward Hamlet, making him act mad. Hamlet’s Mom, Gertrude, displeases Hamlet by marrying Claudius so quickly after his father’s so called "accidental death". Hamlet does not know how to deal with this situation, so he thinks about what to do for many weeks. To deal with all of the problems, Hamlet decides to put on his "antic disposition" to fool those around him. In this essay I will investigate the behavior and the actions that the Ghost, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, Polonius, Laertes, and Gertrude do, to make Hamlet acted the way he does. Hamlet is in shock when he is told his father has died. He has no reason but to believe that his death was accidental, until he speaks with the ghost of his father. He believes the appearance of the ghost raises a suspicious question about his death. "My father’s spirit- in arms! All is not well" (I;ii;255-256). The ghost explains to Hamlet that Claudius murdered him and that he would like Hamlet to avenge his death. "Revenge his foul most unnatural murder" (I;v;75). The ghost also tells Hamlet that Claudius has seduced Gertrude. He says that Hamlet is not to take action against his mother. " Taint not thy mind, nor let thy soul contrive against thy mother aught: leave her to heaven and to those thorns that in her bosom lodge, to prick and sting her" (I;v’84-87). But Hamlet does not follow that order. He intends to ask his mother if she has betrayed his father. "Soft, now to my mother, O’heart, lose not thy nature, lot not ever the soul of Nero enter this firm bo som" (III;ii;362-364). Hamlet gets into a big argument with Gertrude and ends up killing Polonius, thinking it was Claudius behind the curtain. Hamlet defends himself by telling his mother what he did, is no less terrible than her marrying Claudius. "A bloody deed almost as bad, good mother, as killing a king, and marry with his brother" (III;iv;29-30).

Matrilineality

The term matrilineal descent (or uxorial descent, or matrilineality, or matrilineage) refers to a system of tracing family ties, inheritance and succession only through female ancestors in the family. Despite of its being quite uncommon, this type of social organization exists in many world’s cultures and regions, and practically can be put to the following: â€Å"†¦relatedness through females is treated as culturally more significant than relatedness through males† (Holden, Sear & Mace, 2003). Therefore, according to the system of matrilineality, an individual is supposed to belong to the same descent social group as his/her female ancestors (mother, grandmother, etc.). This concept is contrary to more widespread and popular social system of patrilineal descent, in which a person belongs to his/her father lineage. Patrilineal descent is a prevailing concept; nevertheless, matrilineality can have more common sense, because it is always easier to identify a person’s mother then his/her father. The term matrilineality is used both in sociology and anthropology, because historically such powerful cultures and civilizations like Ancient Egypt, Indo-European, Slavic, Chinese, Japanese, Middle Asian cultures, including the Minangkabau and many others, could rise and develop due to matrilineal customs and the power of their determined and clever Queens, Princesses or other female rulers. Strong elements of matrilineality are preserved in some contemporary cultures and religions, in particular, in Orthodox Judaism, which states that a person must be a child of a Jewish mother in order to be considered a member of this religious group. References: Holden, C.J., & Rebecca Sear, Ruth Mace. (2003) Matriliny as daughter-biased investment. Evolution & Human Behavior. 24: 99-112 Luomala, N. (n.d.). Matrilineal Reinterpretation of Some Egyptian Sacred Cows. Personal Web-Site of Professor Ronald Bolender. Sweet Briar College. Retrieved June 9, 2007

Travelling For Education

Due to the miserable situations of Lebanese students and their long years of suffering from the bad educating services and due to the absence of responsibility toward university students and the difficulty of finding jobs. The researcher in this paper shows the attention to this problem. Traveling For Education It was become a fashion trend that more and more people choose to go abroad to study. Some people think it is great experience while on the country , some others think it is not good at all!Despite of the importance of studying abroad and the presence of scientist that have raised Lebanon's name abroad , there are still oppositions to the views of this idea that prefer to stay in Lebanon despite of all its problems that they suffer from . Students in Lebanon should study outside for many reasons. General atmosphere is not suitable to study in Lebanon on all levels. The lack of raw materials in Lebanon led to the weakness of electricity and this case does not fit college studen t who needs a convenient means for study and research. In addition to the electricity obstacle we  notice the non-existence of laboratories, libraries and research centers, the state does not give an adequate attention to this deficiency, which leads for big effort toward the college student.For example , there is only one public library that opened new in Nabtieh † centre de lecture et d'animation culturelle † beside the red cross and it does not have the media support to be a know place to come to it. In addition to all problems that Lebanese students face we have an initial problem by students that is the lack of comfort in government universities , and when they resort  Ã‚  to private universities that are more comfortable with all they need for studying they will be shocked by the high cost that they can't afford which lead them to depression , and we will not forget the non-support for the best students that government must appreciate and have a look for them. Going abroad to study means far more than learning. The book† Intercultural journeys from study to residence abroad † ( Jackson , 1954) talk about this issue.This book focuses on the actual experiences of college students who travelled from their homes to foreign lands, the author  explores the linkage between intercultural awareness and sensitivity, language development , and identity reconstruction in young adult college learners. Generally, the first thing you need to do is to survive in a foreign nation. Where to find a place to live? How to deal with transportation? How to cook food? All these are the things you have to think and depend on yourself.Students who study abroad have to take care of themselves, and these questions are used the Lebanese students who don't want to travel abroad. Without parents, you can learn how to arrange their  own issues and do everything by yourself better. This is what we call independent awareness. Studying abroad cultivate your independent awareness and capability of taking care yourself. It is   always a tough time when living in a country that is totally new to you and facing all kinds problems. One you overcome them , you get the ability to live on your own. This is great, when the people of your age still enjoying their lives under the protection of their families, you begin to experience life.We take this factor as the most important advantage as it teaches you the basic ability to live your life. No one but yourself can teach you this! Everyone needs to be enriched with more experience and be more mature. Studying abroad means you set yourself into a circumstance that is totally different to you. You can enjoy a new culture all by yourself: people's thoughts and behaviors and the way people live are the first-hand to you , is not this great ? Cultural differences are more than just differences in language, food, appearances, culture and personal habits.A person's reflects very deep perceptions, be liefs, and values that influence his or her way of life and the way that he or she views the world. Students who experience cultural differences personally can come to truly understand where other cultures are coming from.You can greatly increase your adaptability to what we call the † Global Village† in your potential career ( Dixon , 2009 ) . Only knowing cultural difference is not enough, studying abroad has a lot more to explore! seeing the beautiful sceneries of a nation, volunteering   in social work and communicating with local people are all up to you. By studying abroad you know more about the world, no matter academically or physically. Knowing more a and experiencing more help you think rationally and behave maturely. The things above are the most important and valuable advantages we can think of. And of course there are much more that hat we mentioned , learning and mastering a new manage or having the chance to travel may also be the advantages that attrac t you. Do not hesitate, going abroad to study do offer you great improvement!

Production Possibilities

Production PossibilitiesProduction possibilities frontier (PPF) or more commonly known as transformation curve is a graph that demonstrates the difference between two goods that an economy with scarce resources could produce. There are two primary determinants that may greatly affect the orientation of the PPF of a nation. These are production functions and factor endowments. There is relatively a very big possibility for the PPF of a nation to shift inward. Instances such as the occurrence of war and technological disturbances that may cause technological growth and development to cease are two of the possible causes of a PPF inward shift. The Principle of Diminishing Marginal Returns can also affect the shift of the PPF of a nation. Other factors such as currency devaluation or technological and political innovation can also shift a nation's PPF inward.Figure 1 shows the inward shift of the PPF curve of a nation that has undergone war. Due to the war, the resources of the nation, w hich are primarily used to produce the food and medicine have been devastated. This devastation of the resources leads to decrease in the rate of technological innovations. Moreover, the war also gave rise to the currency devaluation of the nation. By these, it can be concluded that these instances can increase the possibility of the nation's PPF to shift inward.Given a fixed proportion of resources added with another unit of resource needed by a nation for the production of two goods and the machines needed by the nation in the production, the curve of the production possibility frontier of a nation would shift inward to  the left in time – this is due to the law of diminishing marginal returns. The law states that even though other units of resources are added to the nation's tool for production, the marginal output of the nation would decrement until it reaches negative. And when it reaches the negative value, the PPF curve of that nation would shift inward. Currency dev aluation also affects the inward shift of a nation's PPF curve when some of the nation's resources are being purchased from other nations. The decrease in the value of the nation's currency would affect the amount and the value of the resources purchased. Decline in the rate of innovations could also aid in the inward shift of the PPF curve of the nation since technological innovations may help develop and improve the production process.References:Devadoss, S., Song, W. (2003). Factor Market Oligopsony and the Production   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Possibility Frontier Review of International Economics, 11, 729-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   744.RetrievedNovember 5, 2007 from SSRN database.Goodwin, N. R. (2007, October 9). Production possibility frontier. Retrieved November 5,   Ã‚   2007 from http://www.eoearth.org/article/Production_possibility_frontier.Parasuraman, N. S. (2002, May 1). Production-Possibility Frontier (PPF) Retrieved   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   November 5, 2007, from http://www.geocities.com/parasu41/PPF/.Suranovic, S. M. (2007). International Trade Theory and Policy [Electronic Version]. Retrieved November 5, 2007, from http://internationalecon.com/Trade/Tch60/T60-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   7.php.

Pompeii: Tales from the Eruption Essay

The Museum of Fine Arts Houston had an art exhibition entitled â€Å"Pompeii: Tales from the Eruption†. There are almost 500 artifacts and cast of the remnants of dying people that were showcased. It also included a documentary film about the discovery of these artifacts and footage of the fierce eruption of Mt Vesuvius. The artifacts presented are tools of trade, jewelries, like necklaces and bracelets, murals and paintings, marble statues, and mosaics. One of the jewelries displayed is the golden snake bracelet. It is designed with a two headed snake biting the rims of the circle with an engraved figure of a lady, it maybe a goddess worshiped at the time. The helmet of the gladiators is also displayed. Gladiators are like wrestling superstars we idolized today, they are brave fighters who kill one another for freedom. They are the pitiful warriors used as an entertainment by the emperors and the people. There are also statues like the Statuette of Mercury which is made form gold and silver. Mercury is wearing a golden hat and a golden bag hanged over his neck. He carried a staff with wings and snakes, it is like the medical symbol, caduceus. And beside him is a cock with a golden collar. On the other hand, the Head of an Amazon is made from marble in mid-1st century AD. It was founded at the Villa of the Papyri in Herculaneum, the city beside Pompeii, this is one of the best Roman copies of a type of Amazon of the Classical period. One of the amazing artifacts is the Triclinium A founded in . It is a mural of the god of music, Apollo, playing his lyre with his two muses on his side, Euterpe and Cleo. Apollo wears his cloak over his shoulders, he carried his lyre on his left arm and his head was adorned by laurel leaves. The mural is a fresco brightly colored in red, which was once displayed in a dining room. In connection with the dining room, is the silver Kantharos. It is a wine cup embellished with olives. In Roman beliefs, olives and wine are symbols of wealth. It can be predicted that these objects are used as status symbol by the rich citizens of the old city.   The Mosaic with Gorgon, House of the Centenary, Pompeii, is a floor mosaic from glass and stone tiles. It was designed and intricately arranged with different figures in the upper and lower portions. At the center inside a circle is the face of the gorgon Medusa, in Roman culture gorgon is an ugly creature. Medusa as we commonly know is a women cursed with snakes in her head. It is believed that anyone who looked into her eyes turned into stone. That is why; the floor mosaic at that time is used to ward off evil spirits and intruders alike. These objects provided a glimpse of the culture and lifestyle of the people of Pompeii. As the artifacts suggest, inhabitants of Pompeii are elegant people, they are the type that loves entertainment and jewelries like the ones we see in epic movies about Rome. These golden bracelets, statues and murals we see today were once flaunted by the gorgeous people of the old city. It reminded me of the rich city before it was devastated by the gruesome lavas that burst out from Mt Vesuvius. The eruption of the gory volcano was painted by Pierre-Jacques Volaire in 1777. The oil painting depicts the violent upsurge of molten lava from the mouth of Mt Vesuvuis. The lava is like a monster engulfing everything that comes his way living or non-living. There are people crossing the bridge, scurrying and running helplessly to save their lives and over the sky hanged the black clouds. The painting looked alive to me. I felt like I was there, struggling among the throngs of wallowing children and shrieking men and women.   It felt like the 911 incident although it does not relate from nature but the catastrophic event and the devastation. The eruption of the volcano in Pompeii was experience by the people; my experience in the 911 incident is only through media coverage. However, it still felt achingly the same. There are other depressing objects showcased in the museum. The plaster cast of a mother and her child that was found on the same house where the golden bracelet was discovered was totally heartbreaking. I can almost feel the terror the mother would have felt and how she fervently prays for God to save her daughter. There are more remnants of people found, in the large Palaestra and the Via Stabiana. The picture of the cast from the staircase of the House of Fabius Rufus showed how desperately people tried to escape from the wrath of the volcano yet they were ferociously burnt by the sea of molten lava. If I were caught in that deadly situation, I would probably feel as if the world was coming to an end as described by all religious denominations. I would have been praying so hard for God to come and rescue me, although I could imagine, at that time all you can hear were the terrifying screams and cries from all the inhabitants running for their lives over the thundering rage of the volcano. And although it happened years ago, I still felt sorry for them, I hope that their soul will find peace someday. My visit at the museum is an experience that will never be forgotten. It arose a state of awareness in me that made me realized how tragic life could be, I remembered the different tragedies that had walk and distraught the different life forms in earth; hurricane Katrina, World War 1 and 2, the tsunami in Indonesia, and the 911 incident. It made me feel angry and anxious because I know when this disasters occur we cannot do anything about it but I am thankful and happy because after all those catastrophes we have move on, we are still continuing to live our life until the end. All these mixed emotions overwhelmed me as I watch all the objects presented in the museum. It has been a sensible learning experience that relates the world today and the city that once live gloriously, the city of Pompeii. Works Cited Focus work of Art: The Eruption of Mt Vesuvuis. North Carolina Museum of Art. 14 April 2008 < http://www.ncartmuseum.org/artnc/object.php?themeid=1&objectid=1>. Houston, Museum of Fine Arts â€Å"Pompeii. Tales from an Eruption. 2 Mar 2008. Eosarte.eu. 14 April 2008 . Pompeii: Tales from an Eruption. The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston. 14 April 2008

The commercial invoice; the pro forma invoice Assignment

The commercial invoice; the pro forma invoice - Assignment Example Question 2 The amount of risk that a business will bear will depend on whether the business is the importer or the exporter, as well as the particular incoterms that are involved on a particular transaction. For instance, if the business is an importer, the business will incur the least risk if the incoterm being used is CIF, because this will have the least risk (William, 2009). This is because the seller (exporter) will have to take care of the goods on their way not only to the destination port but all the way to the inland destination of the buyer. This includes buying the insurance for the goods as they are on transit. As a result, this means two important things to the buyer, who is the importer. First, is that there is no risk of the goods on transit that the importer will have to bear incase the risk materializes. Second is that even if the risk was to materialize, the importer would be protected because the insurance will pay off the losses. The importance of Cost, Insurance and Freight (named port of destination) is that incase the goods are lost or damaged and the seller was not in a position to compensate the buyer, the buyer doesn’t have to incur the loss because the insurance will pay for the goods. ... The fact that the process by which the US government uses to create money and value for the same money is faulty and needs to be changed is not debatable. However, as Maxwell (2009) says, it can only be hoped that the new technology that is eliminating the issuance of printed money will solve part of this problem. However, this is a problem that will need to be solved and a better mechanism be put in place to avoid the problem that fiat currency is causing. This as McGregory (2009) says, is going to be one of the main things that will have to be solved in the twenty-first millennium for the world economy to succeed. Question 4 Part i FOB – Free on Board to a named port of shipment This incoterm makes sure that the risk of the goods is shared between the two sides of the deal. The buyer assumes the risk after the goods have been loaded for shipping, while the seller assumes the risk of the goods only until the goods have been loaded for shipping. Part ii CIF – Cost, Insu rance and Freight to a named port of destination This incoterm puts all obligation, both transport and insurance of the goods in transit to the seller and makes sure that the buyer is fully protected from any risk or obligation. Part iii CIF – Cost, Insurance and Freight to a named port of destination Same as above, the exporter assumes all risks and costs for shipping the goods. Part IV EXW – Ex Works to a named place of delivery. This incoterm minimizes the obligation of the exporter so that the exporter only has insurance and freight costs only up to the point where the goods are loaded at the port of export. The buyer has to know how to get the goods from the seller’s premises and decide on whether they want to

Change at Faslane Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Change at Faslane - Essay Example According to the study conducted Faslane was entirely operating under the watch of the Ministry of Defense and the Royal Navy. Due to need for minimizing its expenditure and cut costs, but retain its at the top of the base’s interest, Faslane introduced strategic change that witnessed the company decide to establish a partnering program with an independent entity that would help reduce the cost of expenditure and at the same time provide the most effective services to their client. As a matter of course, Faslane collaborated with Babcock, a subsidiary branch of Babcock International. The UK’s Ministry of Defense signed a five-year contract with Babcock Marine in 2002. This evolutional change came in the face of John Howie’s charge that had to make sure that Babcock meets the set targets and delivers a total savings cost of $76 million without negatively affecting any activities or services provided to the UK Navy. The strategic change that Faslane incorporated me asures that managed their strategies with absolute efficiency since it was necessary for Babcock to cut costs as the cut costs would come to them in form of profits. Furthermore, introduction of Babcock Marine would positively transform Faslnane because Babcock would make sure delivery of their services was effective and of high quality at a lower cost. In addition, Faslane is a huge firm with a large number of employees depicting that the cost of running its operations and the cost of maintaining its staff is always high. Therefore, when Babcock Marine Company came on board, Faslane relieved part of its expenditure in view of cutting costs by seconding to Babcock close to 300 Royal Navy personnel together with over 1’700 civil servants posts (The Stationery Office, 2010:7). It also left the remaining number of civil servants within the site, the police, Royal Marines, and sailors under the management of Babcock Marine. With reduced number of employees, Faslane had transforme d and approached an easier system of managing the company operations at a cost effective procedure. Furthermore, the strategy Faslane used to manage change was competent since its transformation styles resulted in the company’s transition of mindset under John Howie’s directive leadership model. This is because; collaborating with Babcock would ensure that Babcock changed the mindset of all the previous employees present at the site. As elaborated, these employees were mostly civilians who worked at the site for quite a long time and had established empires. This deterred them from seeing the importance of delivering service to the Royal Navy, which is their customer (Gapes, 2010:114). Hence, for Babcock to achieve its set goals and objectives, it was necessary to change the mindset of these employees who guarded the submarines as well as the ships. Changing the mindset would incorporate means of delivering service at the lowest possible expenditure. This means that, e ven if Babcock did not wish to renew its contract upon expiry, Faslane employees would still have the knowhow of cutting costs and ensuring effectiveness at the same time. Thus, strategic management of change at Faslane is long-term figurative due to John Howie’s educating and coaching system. Previously, if there were any changes at Faslane, they would take 56 days for them to reach

Sociology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Sociology - Essay Example However, this can also be seen in the use of economic sanctions before the Iraq war, as Joy Gordon described in â€Å"Cool war: Economic sanctions as a weapon of mass destruction† (Gordon, 2002) While it is easy to see the destructive power of war as it impacts a country like Iraq economically through the destruction of resources, it should be noted that even the victorious power in a war may suffer economic consequences, such as the U.S. following WWII or Iraq. This is because of the great social cost of war production and mobilization; funds that could have been put to productive use in society instead were wasted and destroyed through bombs and war. The New York Times in 2009 described the total cost of the Iraq War at $860 billion USD, and though this may have helped military contractors it may have also reduced the ability of the country to grow economically through the effects of the redistribution and large-scale waste of resources. (Glanz, 2009) War itself may cause mi llions of deaths in a society. People who were once producers culturally may see economic destruction that takes years to rebuild. Examples in Asia show how landmines such as were used in Laos and Cambodia can disfigure populations for years, creating disabilities. Similarly, populations suffering wars in Africa have suffered mass-disfigurement through machete attacks and other weapons that leave people scared and disfigured, both physically and psychologically. These psychological forces can further reduce economic development following a war out of feelings of grief, depression, or loss that are felt in the victims. Question 2: what is the economic role of transnational corporations in integrating global economy? Multinational corporations currently play a role in developing economies and labour forces in the global economy, and their trading patterns furthers social integration internationally through the exchange of products and ideas. Dicken (1992) writes in â€Å"Global Shift ,† â€Å"The dominance of the industrialised countries’ markets is not as overwhelming as commonly perceived and the market potential of the developing and transition countries is becoming more impressive. The IMF defines as transition economy as an economy transitioning from a centrally planned economic system towards a free market system.† (Dicken, 2003) Dicken defines the modern economy as being related to over $54 trillion USD in economic activity. He notes that since the industrial revolution, the MNC or Multi-National Company has risen to represent the driving force of economic expansion internationally. These companies have the capital resources to build new factories, offices, and large production facilities that oftentimes developing nations or the small business owners in a society cannot manage. One reason for this is the ease through which MNCs can receive large financing through banks and corporate bonds. The other reason is more fundamental, in that rational management standards lead to an efficiency of operations, a specialization of labour, and the pursuit of profit in ever more scientific ways. MNCs drive technological expansion and innovation both through research and development in new products and also the introduction of these products into new markets. They can also promote jobs internationally by exploiting lower cost labour in

Explore the scholarly literature on the contentious workplace issue of review

Explore the scholarly on the contentious workplace issue of Women in Top Jobs. A recent BBC article demonstrated that - Literature review Example With Thatcher’s prior leadership, United Kingdom was able to join the United States wars. Creating social norms that will reduce gender discrimination (Park, 1996). Further, there are jobs where the female gender is not eager to join. The average female gender does not like to join the army. Joining the army is very strenuous. The officers /leaders of the army rose through the ranks. Rising through the army’s rank entails joining wars. Joining wars include having a life-threatening gamble. The gamble is that the female soldier may be killed by the enemy’s bullets. As the female soldier spends more time with the war, the danger of being killed or maimed is greater (Park, 1995). In the judiciary, there are very female applicants for the juicy judge job. This is also very understandable. The work of the judge is life-threatening. When the judge pens a guilty verdict on the accused, there is a huge probability that the relatives or friends of the convicted felons may avenge the judge’s verdict. The relatives may wait for the judge to cross the street of the courtroom when the judge is in sight, the relatives may murder the judge. In the business sector, there are few female businesswomen. This is again understandable. Society is accustomed to male managers trying to sell the products to the current and future customers. People may look at the female sales person as someone who must try to sell products to the male current and future customers. In stores such as Tesco, there are more female sales persons than the male salesperson. The reason is obvious, current and future customers are more sensually comfortable talking with female grocery store sales persons (KPMG, 2011). In terms of leadership delivery, gender often plays a vital role. There are jobs prohibits that women from daring to excel. For example, In the European Union member states, there is a slow promotion of women into the management level. One dilemma of women is their moth erly role (KPMG, 2011). Women prioritize the rearing of children. Consequently, the home chores discourage women from exerting more time to their jobs. More time includes entertaining current and future customers. Entertaining customers may include engaging them in drinking sprees. Woman managers would find it awkward to entertain male current and future customers inside a dance floor. Likewise, female managers would find it awkward play basketball with current and future customers who love to play basketball. With the home job of rearing the family constantly bothering the female managers, the female managers cannot give their 100 percent to their current work responsibilities. There are differences in the interpersonal relations between men and woman. Men are often linear relationships. The men organize their jobs in component units. Likewise, men normally resolve management issues using the single usage approach leadership (Faugoo, 2011). On the other hand, the process time denot es femaleness. Women are normally busy during their sharing experiences. The women leadership includes sharing their expertise with other people. Because of home responsibilities, many women work using lesser company work hours when compared to men. The female members of our human society are destined to take care of the house chores. The house chores often include cooking the family’s food. The female gender is usually assigned to clean the bathroom

Business Management 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business Management 2 - Essay Example Considerably, this also includes how leadership style and management skills affect the successful implementation of the four functions of management. In business, Planning, Organizing, Leading, and Controlling, are the four managerial functions vital to the success of every management vision. Management process is a system where the four managerial functions are sought to be very critical; that if one function ceases to be useful, success is difficult to attain (Rothbauer-Wanish, 2009). However, the functionality of the four managerial components is also affected by the type of leadership and the managerial skills the managers possess and exhibit. Planning. The successful execution of the four managerial functions leads to the success of a company. Planning, the fundamental function of management is where business goals and objectives are stated for future operations. It includes the basics of business planning—the business’ objectives and goals—and strategic planning, which includes â€Å"internal and external environmental analyses †¦ and the SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) analysis† (Erven, 1999). Furthermore, planning also includes concerns regarding the kind of environment the company is operating (Barnett, 2010). One international company that had successfully executed the planning function of management is Toyota Motors Corporation. Planning, in Toyota, is done prior to the environmental conservation initiative of the company, which is reflected in its statement of corporate responsibility (Toyota, n.d.a). In fact, its motors are designed to foster environmental conservation and sustainable development as well (Toyota, n.d.b). Organizing. Another managerial function important in any organization is organizing. According to Management Study Guide (1998-2009), organizing refers to the coordinating of the different business resources to

Annotated Bibliography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 10

Annotated Bibliography - Essay Example The information used in the construction of the argument are mainly from western nations. The interactions between the other nations and the western world are not well represented leading to a major flaw. The text looks at the social aspect of the history of the western civilizations. This book has a wide coverage since it looks at the diverse cultures that are existent in the western world. However, it has a major focus being the influence of the European nations especially the Great Britain on the development of the social orientations of the people. This book is sufficient in that it has an integrated approach to the western history. It covers the issue of gender and cultural diversity with a particularly keen intent covering all the periods that marked major changes. The writing approach used in the book is both compelling and fascinations. The details about the daily life are reduced into writing and expounded on leading to the development of a deeper understanding of the events that informed the current pleasures. The books makes enables the student to better identify with the past. The text mentioned above looks into the social history of the western civilizations using the political and cultural lenses. This is a second volume in a series by the same authors that captivates the students’ interest in the history of the major civilizations. This book focuses on the rise of England as a major world force and the aspects that could have contributed to the rise of the greatest empire ever. It also looks at the creation of the United States from the baby steps moment to its rise as the greatest nation. The politics of the rise and fall of great kingdoms is not the only issue that pervades the text. On the contrary, the book has more content on the cultural diversity. The scope of the book content is a major flaw for the book since there is a

Marketing Planning Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Marketing Planning - Coursework Example Intense competition amongst big three firms in global wind market with global market share differential of only 0.7% between Siemens and its close competitor- Vestas (Zawadzki, 2015). One of the fundamental issues facing Siemens Wind Energy is the inability to set foot in the Chinese market which happens to be one of the fastest growing markets for wind energy. This is owing to stiff competition from rivals such as Ming Yang , Goldwind and United Power which continue to dominate top positions in their home country (Gosensa & Lu, 2014) . Previously, European solar power manufacturers have been virtually eliminated by cheaper Chinese competititors. In conjunction to this is the threat of overinvestment which has left many, including the Danish Vestas, on the verge of bankruptcy (Lund, 2014). Another major issue confronting Siemens is the cost of electricity generation from offshore turbines which, at 14 euro cents a kilowatt-hour, is still higher than the cost of fossil-fuel electricit y generation in Europe (The Economist, 2014). Unless binding targets of renewable energy consumption are set by EU towards its member states, Siemens may expect falling demand for offshore wind turbines in European countries. This is reflected in the fact that the Europe and Middle East market, which is currently the largest global market for wind energy, is expected to contract to 34% down from 40% by 2030 (Reuters, 2013). Next, the company is facing the brunt of vague political efforts and direction in the field of renewable energy. Planned projects have consequently been delayed as main offshore wind markets such as Germany suffer from policy restructuring, thereby reducing the targeted capacity for offshore wind energy (Schaps, 2014). Finally, a major issue lies in the faulty manufacturing process of bearings used in wind turbines from a particular supplier

Lessons for Auditors and Regulators from the WorldCom Fraud Essay

Lessons for Auditors and Regulators from the WorldCom Fraud - Essay Example The fraud was undertaken by representing line costs as capital, rather than expenses and inflating revenue on the financial statements. However, a team of internal auditors later on came to discover the fraudulent representation of financial statements and notified the Company’s board of directors and audit committee, who acted swiftly although the company had already become bankrupt (Albrecht, Albrecht, Albrecht & Zimbelman, 2011, 457). Lessons from WorldCom Fraud Lessons learnt from WorldCom fraud presents a broad range of issues to put into consideration such as, the importance of fraud auditors to have knowledge and an understanding of corporate systems and processes. Lessons have it that routine internal audit processes may not expose fraud, since auditors focus on providing assurance with respect to effective controls, rather than detecting irregularities as `possibilities of fraud. Fraud auditors should actively seek to identify irregularities and anomalies as indicator s of fraudulent behaviors among financial executives and general corporate staff, and use the knowledge to undertake further in-depth analysis to root out fraud. Fraud detection in corporate organisations relies on the knowledge and understanding of auditing and detection by officials of the fraud background, fraud schemes, principles, and indicators (Singleton & Singleton, 2010, p.145). WorldCom internal auditors were well conversant with the organisation’s culture and choices of recording the financial statement, which helped them immediately to recognise the $2 billion operating cost recorded as a fixed asset. This came out as a red flag unlike the normal culture of the organisation, more so when an official referred to the expenditure as prepaid capacity. Auditors’ understanding of the normal organisations culture was able to detect the omission of lease line cost in the operating expense account as a fraud (Rezaee & Riley, 2010, p.212). However, new loopholes in f inancial statements often require auditors to improve and devise new ways of detecting fraud, since past indicators may not be applicable in future fraud cases. Corporate fraud has continuously advanced with the computerisation of operations, and thus requires fraud auditors to be proactive in improving their fraud detection schemes. Corporations need to put in place mechanisms for assessing fraud as an organisation’s risk, and approach the risks using relevant internal audit methodologies. Fraud auditors should also be seen with regard to the presence of indicators of fraud, and design relevant controls and prevention methods of fraud. However, proactive fraud seeking auditing activities may be costly for organisations, though not comparable to extent of loss in case of successful fraud. Cost involved may include knowledge expansion in the area of fraud detection and more so, the use of electronic-detection tools. Internal auditors have the mandate to understand an organisat ion’s corporate culture, conditions, and choices that may have been used by fraudsters in engaging in financial statement fraud. Such an understanding would go a long way in providing accurate indicators of fraud and possible fraud in future of the organization's inconsistency with fraud risk levels that organizations face (Rezaee & Riley, 2010, p.213).  

Founding of the City Essay Example for Free

Founding of the City Essay Oslo is Norway’s capital city. The name Oslo was derived from the Old Norse word â€Å"†¦os† meaning mountain and lo meaning plain or river â€Å". Thus, Oslo can be described as a place that is located beneath the mountains. The city of Oslo was founded around1000 AD. The first evident settlement in Oslo took place in the 8th century. During the periods 1300 – 1600 AD, there were no significant buildings except for a few wooden houses. People of German origin may have settled along the Oslo Fjord who moved up to the north from mainland Europe (Zelko 63). The first people who inhabited Oslo lived in humble settings with the houses made of wooden and turf grass that was surrounded by pens or sheds for goats, sheep and cows. In 1286 Oslo became the city of Hansa league with close ties to the Rostock City, in northern Germany. Like all the other settlers of Norway, the people were grouped together in form of tribes with landowners meeting with his other landed neighbors in a public assembly called Thing. Legislative assemblies were called Lagtings (Zelko 63). During the Viking age, AD800-1000 Oslo settlers grew rapidly as it had become the center for trade and shipbuilding activities and later it earned the name the† Viking Capital† (Oslo 1). Viking means â€Å"a man from â€Å"Vik†, a huge bay between the Cape Lindesnes in Norway and the mouth of Gota River in Sweden (Britannica 1033). Norwegian Vikings, like other Vikings of Denmark and Sweden, were feared all over Europe as they had â€Å"superior ships and weapons as well developed military organization†. They were basically endowed with extraordinary hunger for adventure (Britannica 1034). Norwegian Vikings were known to be ruthless and brave fighters who killed their victims and greedily loots their conquered settlements and when they were done plundering destroyed the place with fire. They changed the face of Europe as they engaged in raiding and trade and then finally attracted by their conquered lands settled to live there. Their target places were mostly western European countries such as England, Scotland, and Iceland. Their active participation in trading had renewed the neglected European commerce of the middle Ages. Their contact with Western Europe was instrumental for their Christianization and eventually unification of Norway (Britannica 1033). In 885 the first Viking Monarch, Harold the Fair-haired united Norway (Halsey 239). During his reign the settlers of Norway, including Oslo, were commonly engaged in blood feuds, fightings that involve almost, if not all, disagreeing families. Even minor disputes can trigger the killing and maiming of both members of the quarreling families and if not settled can start an endless round of retaliation. The violence can be finally stopped when offending families pay the wronged families which they called â€Å"bot†. Sometimes family feuds were brought to the attention of the Lagtings who will decide the outcome of the disputes and impose penalties. The worst penalty they can give at that time was known as outlawry—a sentence that regarded the offender as if he died already. All his goods were taken away from him and he cannot exercise or claim any legal rights. In fact, anyone can kill him without facing the risk of penalty. These condemned people were left with no choice but to leave their homeland or live in the forest as an outlaw (Tseng 24). In 1050 Harald Hardrade or as commonly as King Harald III officially founded Oslo and made it the center of southern Norway. This site was located at the eastern side of the harbor on the left bank of the small Akers River (Halsey 239). Harald died in 1066 and his death ended the Viking period as raidings stopped (Norway 3). Oslo experienced a great era during the reign of Haakon V who was crowned in 1299. He decided to build the Akershus fortress in Olso to serve as his home with his wife Euphemia of Rugens, a Northern German princess (â€Å"Oslo† 1). He made Oslo the capital of Norway replacing Bergen. This time Oslo and the rest of Norway enjoyed relative peace (â€Å"Norway† 2007). In 1318 Norway was united with the kingdom of Sweden when Duke Erik of Sweden married Princess Ingebjorg, daughter of Queen Euphemia and Hakon V Magnusson. The unification of both countries was officially signed in the Bishops castle; now presently know as Oslo Ladergard (â€Å"Oslo: City† 2006). The saddest event that occurred in the early history of Oslo was the Black Death that terrorized the world in 1349. It was estimated that half of Oslo’s population died during the time of the Black Death or â€Å"bubonic† plague. Bubonic plague was carried by fleas in rats from England (â€Å"Oslo† 2006). Because of the loss of its inhabitants and damage to agriculture Norway united together with Denmark and Sweden via the Union of Kalmar 1397(â€Å"Norway† 2007). During this time Copenhagen, instead of Oslo, was selected as the actual capital of Norway. Consequently Oslo lost its political importance and was only regarded as a provincial administrative center while the kings lived in Copenhagen and Stockholm from 1400-1500 (â€Å"Oslo: City† 2006). In 1523, however, Sweden dropped out of the union, and weaker Norway was left in the care of Danish Kings (â€Å"Norway† 2007). Part 2 Modern Era Reformation Period Like the rest of mainland Europe, Oslo was greatly affected by the Lutheran Protestant Reformation of 1537 when the German Monk Martin Luther questioned the laws of Roman Catholic Church and sought to reform the religious beliefs of the Europeans. Oslo citizens were engaged in religious conflicts(Thodock 2003). The catholic bishop of Oslo, Hans Rev was converted to Protestantism despite the reluctance of the citizens ( â€Å"Oslo: City† 2006). Since Oslo had slightly lost its political and economic importance as a city at this time as it was being ruled by Denmark, most of the buildings constructed there were only made of wood. The city was easily destroyed by fire in 1624. King Christian IV of Denmark and Norway decided to move the town to the right bank of the Akers River and rebuild it near the Akershus Fortress. The city buildings were constructed in a Renaissance city style with rectangular blocks and renamed Christiania (Halsey). Scientific Revolution The scientific revolution changed the world’s beliefs entirely, and Norway in the heart of its Religious beliefs was proven wrong and questions concerning the scientific approach were answered. Copernicus first with his opinion on the heliocentric theory, Galileo second with proof of Copernicus theory, and Newton third with the laws of gravity to explain how and why the planets revolved around the sun. Enlightenment During the 1700’s the Age of Reason or the Enlightenment flourished in Europe particularly to the Norwegian trading partners of Great Britain and Holland. In these places people were trying to improve their lives with the use of reason instead of following traditional religious or the conventional accepted beliefs. Contact with the â€Å"enlightened† British and Dutch affected the daily life of the inhabitants of Christiania. Norwegian traders brought home with them not only the prized cargoes of tobacco, coffee, tea and spices but also enlightened and â€Å"innovative† ideas. They constructed luxurious houses with magnificent gardens in accordance with the style borrowed from western Europe (â€Å"Oslo: City† 2006). Napoleonic wars At first, Denmark and Norway attempted to remain neutral in the Napoleonic wars between France and England and their respective allies in 1805. However, in 1807 England attacked the entire Danish fleet and as a result Denmark joined the war together with France against Britain (Britannica 1034). Britain cut-off trading with Norway and set up a continental blockade against Denmark and Norway wherein British navy prevented the goods from both Norway and Denmark in reaching its trading partners . This action greatly affected the economy of Norway. The export of fish and timber from Christiania as well as the import of grain from Denmark were blocked. As a result, citizens of Christiania faced an economic crisis and suffered hunger. To end their trouble, Britain loosened up its ban on Norway in 1810-13(â€Å"Oslo† 1991). In 1814 the king of Denmark was forced to give up Norway to Sweden in a Treaty of Kiel when Napoleon I was defeated (â€Å"Oslo† 2006). Eager to rebuild their government the Norwegian created its first constitution on May 17 the same year and Christiania became the capital city. In time, Christiania replaced its rival Bergen as Norway’s largest city. The people celebrated with joy as Christiania was expected to reclaim its old glory without giving much thought at first that they were still under the control of a foreigner, Sweden. As a capital city, Christiania once again became important politically and economically. For its newly acquired role, new monumental buildings were erected as venue for important functions. . They were the Royal Palace, Bank of Norway and the stock exchange Oslo Bors. Later, most Christiania citizens joined with the rest of Norway in demanding for a complete control of their own affairs. They did not want to recognize the provisions of the Treaty of Kiel and instead preferred a Danish King to rule them. Because of the political unrest , Sweden was forced to make the Act of Union of 1815,that gave Norway the privilege of having its own army, navy and parliament (Storting) and was permitted to control their own internal affairs in exchange for their strict compliance to the Treaty of Kiel (â€Å"Oslo† 2006). Renaissance Period Because of their internal independence, Christiania’s economic and political power rose. By mid 1800’s, Christiania grew into a major administrative, economic and military center. The economic success brought about by the shipping and agricultural industry made Christiania a dominant economic city of Norway (World Book 1981). The site of rapid industrial revolution in Oslo started at the Aker River around 1840. The development of Industries relied in the electricity provided by this River. Old buildings along the River were demolished and replaced with concrete large textile industrial buildings . Because of the increased jobs offered by industries the population of Christiania increased as peasants and rural populace moved to the cities hoping find work. In the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, Christiania’s industrial workers, like most of European industrial cities, lived in poverty as a result of low income. They mostly lived in crowded houses meant for workers in where sanitation was bad. As a result, diseases were common and spread easily. To augment family income, the children aged below ten were forced to work in the industries, an environment that was not conducive for their well-balanced growth. In fact, industries were noisy and dusty. They caused water and air pollution. Because of this, the health of the children was at a risk and many contracted diseases. Resistance to diseases decreased as they lacked the time to play and sleep. In fact, schoolwork was unavoidably neglected (â€Å"Off â€Å"2007). Revolutions of 1848 The political revolutions in Europe in 1848 had increased the desire of Norway to demand for independence from Sweden. In the late 1800’s popular Norwegian playwrights Henrik Ibsen and Bjornstjerne Bjorjornson staged a play in Christiania’s theater with a theme about political hypocrisy, rights of women and social problems. These plays helped Norwegians develop a sense of nationalism. In 1901 the city of Christiania was selected by the notable Swedish inventor, Alfred Nobel to be the site for the awarding of the most prestigious Noble Peace Prize (Lundestad 2001). By 1905 Sweden granted independence to Norway and Christiania at last was freed from foreign interference that began 1300’s (Halsey 240). Industrial Revolution World War I was inevitable due to industrialization and the desire for each country had to become supreme grew. Firstly, relationships between the nations of the world were dramatically altered by the Industrial Revolution of the nineteenth century. Tensions between the industrial powers began to rise. The intensity between the industrial powers grew more and more as each country sought to expand its sphere of influence at the expense of others. Secondly, there was a growing desire by ethnic populations within the larger countries to become independent nations. Norway separated from Sweden and revolts occurred in colonies such as China, Zimbabwe, Namibia, and Ireland. War broke out in the Balkans in 1912 and again in 1913, as Bulgaria, Serbia, Macedonia, and Greece fought first the Ottoman Empire and then Austria-Hungary. Lastly, Colonies around the world were a valuable asset for supporting the host countrys economy. The great European powers needed raw materials and outlets for their goods. They wanted to expand into new colonies while still protecting the ones they already had.